| 1. |
- Karlsson, Ida, 1980, et al.
(författare)
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Roadmap for climate transition of the building and construction industry – a supply chain analysis including primary production of steel and cement
- 2020
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Ingår i: Eceee Industrial Summer Study Proceedings. - 2001-7987 .- 2001-7979. ; 2020-September, s. 67-77
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sweden has, in line with the Paris agreement, committed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions to net-zero by 2045. Emissions arising from manufacturing, transporting and processing of construction materials to buildings and infrastructure account for approximately one fifth of Sweden’s annual CO2 emissions. This work provides a roadmap with an analysis of different pathways of technological developments in the supply chains of the buildings and construction industry, including primary production of steel and cement. By matching short-term and long-term goals with specific technology solutions, these pathways make it possible to identify key decision points and potential synergies, competing goals and lock-in effects. The analysis combines quantitative analysis methods, including scenarios and stylized models, with participatory processes involving relevant stakeholders in the assessment process. The roadmap outline material and energy flows associated with different technical and strategical choices and explores interlink-ages and interactions across sectors. The results show that it is possible to reduce CO2 emissions associated with construction of buildings and transport infrastructure by 50 % to 2030 and reach close to zero emissions by 2045, while indicating that strategic choices with respect to process technologies, energy carriers and the availability of biofuels, CCS and zero CO2 electricity may have different implications on energy use and CO2 emissions over time. The results also illustrate the importance of intensifying efforts to identify and manage both soft (organisation, knowledge sharing, competence) and hard (technology and costs) barriers and the importance of both acting now by implementing available measures (e.g. material efficiency and material/fuel substitution measures) and actively planning for long-term measures (low-CO2 steel or cement). Unlocking the full potential of the range of emission abatement measures will require not only technological innovation but also innovations in the policy arena and efforts to develop new ways of cooperating, coordinating and sharing information between actors.
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| 2. |
- Karlsson, Ida, 1980, et al.
(författare)
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Roadmap for Decarbonization of the Building and Construction Industry - A Supply Chain Analysis Including Primary Production of Steel and Cement
- 2020
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Ingår i: Energies. - : MDPI AG. - 1996-1073 .- 1996-1073. ; 13:16
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sweden has committed to reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to net-zero by 2045. Around 20% of Sweden's annual CO(2)emissions arise from manufacturing, transporting, and processing of construction materials for construction and refurbishment of buildings and infrastructure. In this study, material and energy flows for building and transport infrastructure construction is outlined, together with a roadmap detailing how the flows change depending on different technical and strategical choices. By matching short-term and long-term goals with specific technology solutions, these pathways make it possible to identify key decision points and potential synergies, competing goals, and lock-in effects. The results show that it is possible to reduce CO(2)emissions associated with construction of buildings and transport infrastructure by 50% to 2030 applying already available measures, and reach close to zero emissions by 2045, while indicating that strategic choices with respect to process technologies and energy carriers may have different implications on energy use and CO(2)emissions over time. The results also illustrate the importance of intensifying efforts to identify and manage both soft and hard barriers and the importance of simultaneously acting now by implementing available measures (e.g., material efficiency and material/fuel substitution measures), while actively planning for long-term measures (low-CO(2)steel or cement).
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| 3. |
- Lehtveer, Mariliis, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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Actuating the European Energy System Transition: Indicators for Translating Energy Systems Modelling Results into Policy-Making
- 2021
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Energy Research. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 2296-598X. ; 9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, we define indicators, with a focus on the electricity sector, that translate the results of energy systems modelling to quantitative entities that can facilitate assessments of the transitions required to meet stringent climate targets. Such indicators, which are often overlooked in model scenario presentations, can be applied to make the modelling results more accessible and are useful for managing the transition on the policy level, as well as for internal evaluations of modelling results. We propose a set of 13 indicators related to: 1) the resource and material usages in modelled energy system designs; 2) the rates of transition from current to future energy systems; and 3) the energy security in energy system modelling results. To illustrate its value, the proposed set of indicators is applied to energy system scenarios derived from an electricity system investment model for Northern Europe. We show that the proposed indicators are useful for facilitating discussions, raising new questions, and relating the modelling results to Sustainable Development Goals and thus facilitate better policy processes. The indicators presented here should not be seen as a complete set, but rather as examples. Therefore, this paper represents a starting point and a call to other modellers to expand and refine the list of indicators.
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| 4. |
- Toktarova, Alla, 1992, et al.
(författare)
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Design of clean steel production with hydrogen: Impact of electricity system composition
- 2021
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Ingår i: Energies. - : MDPI AG. - 1996-1073 .- 1996-1073. ; 14:24
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In Europe, electrification is considered a key option to obtain a cleaner production of steel at the same time as the electricity system production portfolio is expected to consist of an increasing share of varying renewable electricity (VRE) generation, mainly in the form of solar PV and wind power. We investigate cost-efficient designs of hydrogen-based steelmaking in electricity systems dominated by VRE. We develop and apply a linear cost-minimization model with an hourly time resolution, which determines cost-optimal operation and sizing of the units in hydrogen-based steelmaking including an electrolyser, direct reduction shaft, electric arc furnace, as well as storage for hydrogen and hot-briquetted iron pellets. We show that the electricity price following steelmaking leads to savings in running costs but to increased capital cost due to investments in the overcapacity of steel production units and storage units for hydrogen and hot-briquetted iron pellets. For two VRE-dominated regions, we show that the electricity price following steel production reduces the total steel production cost by 23% and 17%, respectively, as compared to continuous steel production at a constant level. We also show that the cost-optimal design of the steelmaking process is dependent upon the electricity system mix.
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| 5. |
- Toktarova, Alla, 1992, et al.
(författare)
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Interaction between electrified steel production and the north European electricity system
- 2022
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Ingår i: Applied Energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 1872-9118 .- 0306-2619. ; 310
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study investigates the interactions between a steel industry that applies hydrogen direct reduction (H-DR) and the electricity system of northern Europe. We apply a techno-economic optimization model with the aim of achieving net-zero emissions from the electricity and steel sectors in Year 2050. The model minimizes the investment and running costs of electricity and steel production units, while meeting the demands for electricity and steel. The modeling is carried out for a number of scenarios, which differ in the following parameters: (i) cost of using new sites for steel production; (ii) transport costs; (iii) commodities export; (iv) flexibility in operation of a direct reduction (DR) shaft furnace; and (v) location of steel demand. The results reveal that a cost-efficient spatial allocation of the electrified steel production capacity is impacted by the availability of low-cost electricity and can differ from the present - day allocation of steel plants. The modeling results show that the additional electricity demand from an electrified steel industry is met mainly by increased investments in wind and solar power while natural gas - based production of electricity is reduced. Furthermore, it is found to be cost-efficient to invest in overcapacity for steel production units (electrolyzers, DR shaft furnaces and electric arc furnaces) and to invest in storage systems for hydrogen and hot briquetted iron, so that steel production can follow the variations inherent to wind and solar power.
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| 6. |
- Toktarova, Alla, 1992, et al.
(författare)
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Pathways for Low-Carbon Transition of the Steel Industry-A Swedish Case Study
- 2020
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Ingår i: Energies. - : MDPI AG. - 1996-1073 .- 1996-1073. ; 13:15
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The concept of techno-economic pathways is used to investigate the potential implementation of CO(2)abatement measures over time towards zero-emission steelmaking in Sweden. The following mitigation measures are investigated and combined in three pathways: top gas recycling blast furnace (TGRBF); carbon capture and storage (CCS); substitution of pulverized coal injection (PCI) with biomass; hydrogen direct reduction of iron ore (H-DR); and electric arc furnace (EAF), where fossil fuels are replaced with biomass. The results show that CCS in combination with biomass substitution in the blast furnace and a replacement primary steel production plant with EAF with biomass (Pathway 1) yield CO(2)emission reductions of 83% in 2045 compared to CO(2)emissions with current steel process configurations. Electrification of the primary steel production in terms of H-DR/EAF process (Pathway 2), could result in almost fossil-free steel production, and Sweden could achieve a 10% reduction in total CO(2)emissions. Finally, (Pathway 3) we show that increased production of hot briquetted iron pellets (HBI), could lead to decarbonization of the steel industry outside Sweden, assuming that the exported HBI will be converted via EAF and the receiving country has a decarbonized power sector.
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| 7. |
- Toktarova, Alla, 1992, et al.
(författare)
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The implications of the basic materials industry electrification on the cost of hydrogen
- 2023
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Ingår i: 36th International Conference on Efficiency, Cost, Optimization, Simulation and Environmental Impact of Energy Systems, ECOS 2023. ; , s. 1182-1192
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This work applies techno-economic optimisation modelling to investigate how electrification of the basic material industry (ammonia, cement, plastics, and steel) impacts hydrogen production costs when considering flexibility options for the electrified industry. The context of the work is a zero-carbon emissions energy system of the EU, including future electricity demands from transport, heat, and industry. The modelling results show that in the future electricity system, the lowest hydrogen production cost is the outcome of the production with full flexibility, i.e., the flexibility of time and location, and flexibility of CO2 utilisation. Among the flexibility options, flexibility in time, i.e., the ability to follow electricity price variations, gives the largest reduction in hydrogen production costs in comparison to the scenarios without industrial flexibility options. With flexibility in location, it is possible to utilise solar power sites and remote areas for wind sites to satisfy electricity demand from industry. The difference in hydrogen production cost between scenarios with different combinations of flexibility options decreases with the size of the hydrogen demand. The decreased value of industrial flexibility when electricity demand from industry grows is due to the reduced access to sites with good conditions for VRE and some regions invest in nuclear power which benefits less from the industrial flexibility options. Still, even with the electrification of all ammonia, cement, steel and plastics production in the EU, there remains a value in industrial flexibility options.
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| 8. |
- Toktarova, Alla, 1992, et al.
(författare)
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Thermochemical recycling of plastics – Modeling the implications for the electricity system
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Cleaner Production. - : Elsevier BV. - 0959-6526. ; 374
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To achieve a circular economy, we need to reinvent the ways in which plastic products are produced, used and recycled. This study investigates the cost-optimal design and operation of an electrified process for the production of plastics that employs thermochemical recycling of plastics and waste. In addition, the impact of this process on the north European electricity system is investigated. A techno-economic optimization model, with the objective of meeting the demand for electricity and plastic to the lowest cost, is developed. The model minimizes the investment and operating costs of electricity and plastic production units while meeting the demands for electricity and plastics without adding carbon-dioxide to the atmosphere. The model considers different flexibility options that can be applied in the plastics production process. A fully flexible plastics production process that has flexibility in relation to time, location and CO2 utilization shows the lowest cost for plastics production and the highest carbon circularity. At the same time, a fully flexible process has the lowest capacity utilization rate, i.e., there is an investment in overcapacity. The results show that a process with flexibility in time renders 100% carbon recovery beneficial, whereas inflexible operation of the plastics production process requires the development and scaling-up of carbon capture and storage facilities. Furthermore, the results show that for the thermochemical production of plastics, the availability of large volumes of waste and favorable conditions for generating electricity at low cost determine the location of the plastics production units. The additional electricity demand to produce plastics is mainly covered by increased generation from wind and nuclear power plants, while wind and solar power dominate in the modeled electricity system mix.
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